vtu 4th sem microprocessors hardware programs

program 2.b as per syllebus

.model small
.code
        mov dx,0e803h
        mov al,80h
        out dx,al
        mov al,0
        mov dx,0e800h
     up:out dx,al
        call delay
        add al,1
        daa
        call stop
        cmp al,99
        jne up
   down:out dx,al
        call delay
        add al,99
        daa
        call stop
        cmp al,0
        jne down
   stop:push ax
        mov ah,1
        int 16h
        jnz exit
        pop ax
        ret
   exit:mov ah,4ch
        int 21h
   delay:mov si,2fffh
   ret2: mov di,0ffffh
   ret1: dec di
         jnz ret1
         dec si
         jnz ret2
         ret
         end

vtu 4th sem microprocessors hardware programes

program 1.b as per syllebus


.model small
.code
        mov ax,@data
        mov ds,ax
        mov dx,0e803h
        mov al,82h
        out dx,al
        mov dx,0e801h
        in al,dx
        mov cl,8
        mov ah,0
     n2:ror al,1
        jc n1
        dec cl
        jnz n2
        jmp nxt
     n1:inc ah
        dec cl
        jnz n2
    nxt:mov al,ah
        and al,01
        cmp al,00
        je dff
        mov al,0
        jmp next
    dff:mov al,0ffh
   next:mov dx,0e800h
        out dx,al
     
        mov si,05fffh
   ret2:mov di,0ffffh
   ret1:dec di
        jnz ret1
        dec si
        jnz ret2
        mov al,ah
        mov dx,0e800h
        out dx,al
        mov ah,4ch
        int 21h
        end

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Exception Handling

Introduction –

Role of a Library Programmer -While defining non-member function or non-member function, a function may / may not be able to execute further.

 

 

 

 

nLets see a function hmean( ) that takes 2 float type numbers as parameters and computes their harmonic mean.

float hmean(const float a, const float b)

{

if (a==b)

{

abort();

return 2.0*a*b/(a+b);

}

} Code for Function to compute harmonic mean

 

int hmean(const double a, const double b, double const *c)

{

if (a==-b)

{

c=0;

return 0; //return failure

}

else

{ C=2.0*a*b/(a+b);

return 1; //return success

}

FUZZY LOGIC

ABSTRACT

This era belongs to modern computer technology . The field of artificial intelligence is showing a definite utility in all spectrum of life .In the field of control , there is always a need of optimality ,with improved with improved controller performance .  In this paper, the feasibility of fuzzy logic as an effective control tool for dc motors .

This fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is showing better performance than the conventionalcontrollers in the form of increased robustness .

In this paper , the role of fuzzy logic as controller and its implementation is studied .

INTRODUCTION:

·        Fuzzy logic is a powerful problem solving methodology introduced by lotfi zadeh in 1960’s .

·        It provides tool for dealing imprecision due to uncertainty and vagueness , which is intrinsic to many engineering problems.

·        It is a superset of Boolean or crisp logic .

·        It emerged into mainstream of information technology in late 1980’s and early 1990’s .

·        If feedback controller is programmed to accept noisy, imprecise input they would be much more effective and perhaps easier to implement.

What is fuzzy logic ?

·        Fuzzy logic resembles human decision  making with its ability to work from approximate data and find precise solutions .

·        Classical logic or boolean logic has two set of values (true or false). It requires deep understanding of a system ,exact equations ,and precise numeric values.

·        Fuzzy logic is continuous form of logic ,(eg: bad , very bad ,poor , average), it allowes modeling complex system using a higher level of abstraction originating from our knowledge and experience .

WORKING OF FUZZY LOGIC :

·        The working of fuzzy logic can be understood by considering simplified example of thermostat controlling a heater fan.

·        The room temperature detected through a sensor is input to a controller , which outputs a control force to adjust heater fan speed.

·        The first step in designing such a fuzzy controller is to characterize the range of values for input and output variables of the controller.

·        Labels such as cool for the temperature and high for fan speed are assigned and a set of simple English-like rules to control the system are writtern.

                

 

                          

·        Inside the controller all temperature regulating actions will be based on how current room temperatures falls into these ranges and the rules describing the system behavior .

·        The controller output will vary continuously to adjust the fan speed. The temperature controller described above can be defined in four simple rules:

1.    If temperature is cold then fan_speed is high.

2.    If temperature is cool then fan_speed is medium.

3.    If temperature is warm then fan_speed is low.

4.    If temperature is hot then fan_speed is zero.

Fuzzy controller accepts an input value, performs calculations and generate an output value. This process is called fuzzy inference process.

Thermostat works in three steps:

1.    fuzzification

2.    rule evaluation

3.    defuzzification

FUZZY LOGIC